Tuesday, September 9, 2014

冈波巴Gampopa


http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B2%A1%E6%B3%A2%E5%B7%B4

冈波巴(藏文:སྒམ་པོ་པ,威利:sgam po pa,英语:Gampopa,1079年-1153年),法名索南仁钦(藏文:བསོད་ནམས་རིན་ཆེན,威利:bsod nams rin chen,英语:Sonam Rinchen),出家前俗名达玛扎(藏语“法称”之意),《红史》中记载其俗名为宁波贡嘎(藏语“众悦心”之意),又人称达布拉吉。

他是噶举派密勒日巴的三大弟子之首,融合噶当派生起菩提心口诀,以及密宗大手印教授,显密融通,为噶举派传承的建立者。达拉岗布寺即为其创建。


名字

他有三个名字广为人知,分别为“冈波巴”、“索南仁钦”、“达布拉吉”。
岗布巴:又译为岗波巴、冈布巴、冈波巴等。因为他长期在岗布山区修行,因此被尊称为“岗布巴”,意思是岗布地方的大师。

索南仁钦:他在善知识夏瓦岭巴座前出家受具足戒,取法名“索南仁钦”(藏语“福宝”之意)。

达布拉吉:(藏语: དྭགས་པོ་ལྷ་རྗེ,威利拼音: dwags po lha rje,英语:Dagpo Lhaje)旧译达布拉杰、达布拉结等。医师在藏文中被尊称为拉吉,他因少年时便学医,故有此称,意译为达布地方的医师。


生平

他于藏历第一绕回阴土羊年(1079年)诞生于吐蕃达布地方(今隆子县尼区),父亲名为尼瓦杰布,母亲名为喜饶莫才姜姆,达布拉吉为他们的第三个儿子。他从小便师从许多印度大师学习声明学历算等。此外,因为他的父亲是一名医生,所以他7岁起便开始学习艺术,师从藏医大师白吉等学习藏医八支理论及实践,并很快成为有名的医师,获得了“达布拉吉”的美誉。12世纪中叶,他著有医学注解及实用诀窍的书《达布拾零集》。

他自幼对佛教有深厚的信仰,1094年他15岁时已广学宁玛派各种密法,并跟随噶当派格西夏惹瓦·云丹扎(Sharawa Yönten Drak,1070-1141)学习经典。

1101年,他22岁时与出身贵族的妻子结婚,生下一子一女。
因为一场瘟疫,他的妻子跟儿女不幸过世。他妻子死前希望他献身佛法。因此他在1105年26岁时至格西夏巴林巴座前出家,取法名“索南仁钦”,受具足戒
后来听闻噶当派对于菩萨行有极善巧的教授,所以到达地,向格西略雍巴学习菩提道次地法,后来又跟随女绒巴尊珠坚赞(Nyukrumpa Tsöndru Gyaltsen)学习阿底峡大师所传的口授传承。他学习勤奋,尽学噶当六论和戒律诸论。


他在1111年32岁时,因为听到三名乞丐谈论大瑜伽修行者米拉日巴的事迹,决心去向他求法,最后到达后藏甄地的吉祥山(Trode Tashigang)(今聂拉木培吉林),希望能拜米拉日巴为师。当他见到米拉日巴时,米拉日巴手持着一个嘎巴拉碗,装满了酒并交给他。

因为受戒僧侣不可饮酒,岗布巴相当犹豫,米拉日巴尊者说:“不要多生妄念!喝下去吧!”大师于是接过酒杯,一饮而尽。

米拉日巴认可他的决心,于是将那洛巴六法教授给他,其中最重要的是拙火瑜伽,与大手印法教。
米拉日巴赐其名为“杂木林杂巴”,意为“南赡部洲”。


在13个月的学习之后,他又回到原来所在的前藏噶当派寺院修行。

米拉日巴的喻示下,他1121年在达布贵族俄色贡觉之子的资助下建立了达拉岗布寺

此后他长期在此修习各种禅定,名声日隆。
后来他立弟子岗波巴·次成宁波为寺主,于1153年(藏历水鸡年)圆寂于该寺。


噶举传承

他以达拉岗布寺为基本道场,宏法收徒,形成藏传佛教后弘期达布噶举派
史籍中称其为“宁美岗波巴”,意即“岗波地方的大师”。
他将噶当派的《菩提道次第》和米拉日巴的《大手印》融合在一起著成《解脱庄严宝——大乘菩提道次第论》,把噶当派教义与米拉日巴所传密法结合,创立了显密并重的达布噶举派。此外他还使噶举派由在家瑜伽士为主,重新回归到佛教出家僧团领导的传统。


在他之后,达布噶举派发展为四大八小共十二个支派。
四大派分别是帕竹噶举派噶玛噶举派蔡巴噶举派跋绒噶举派,又从帕竹噶举派分出直贡噶举派达隆噶举派雅桑噶举派主巴噶举派卓普噶举派体色噶举派也巴噶举派玛仓噶举派八小派。

他的弟子甚多。最著名的有四位:帕木竹巴(帕竹噶举创始人)、蔡巴(蔡巴噶举创始人)、达玛旺秋(拔戎噶举创始人)、都松钦巴(噶玛噶举创始人)。

都松钦巴(Düsum Khyenpa)后来被追认为第一代噶玛巴

著作

他的著作甚多,最有名的是《解脱道庄严论》(直译为《正法如意宝解脱庄严宝大乘菩提道次第解说》,现在汉语通称《解脱庄严宝——大乘菩提道次第论》)(英语:The Jewel Ornament Of Liberation)。


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gampopa

Gampopa Sonam Rinchen (Tibetan: སྒམ་པོ་པ་བསོད་ནམས་རིན་ཆེན, Wylie: sgam po pa bsod nams rin chen) (1079–1153) "Sonam Rinchen from Gampo" — who was equally well known in Tibet as Dagpo Lhaje (Tibetan: དྭགས་པོ་ལྷ་རྗེ, Wylie: dwags po lha rje) ("the Physician from Dagpo"), 
Nyamed Dakpo Rinpoche ("Incomparible Precious One from Dagpo"), 
and Da'od Zhonnu (Tibetan: ཟླ་འོད་ཞུན་ནུ, Wylie: zla 'od gzhon nu), 
(the Tibetan for Candraprabhakumara) — established the Kagyu school, one of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism today, as an institution.


Another name for Gampopa was Ü-pa Tönpa. "Ü" is central Tibet, and "pa" means "person," so "Ü-pa" means a person who comes from central Tibet, and "Tönpa" means "teacher.".


Short biography

Gampopa, a physician from Dagpo region in S. Tibet, was the foremost student of the Tibetan Buddhist teacher Milarepa

Gampopa was renowned for the clarity of his perception and his knowledge of both Kadampa and, later, Mahamudra methods.


He studied medicine as a youth, married a daughter of a man named Chim Jose Darma Wo (mchims jo sras dar ma 'od) and had a child, but they both died, causing him to renounce the householder's life.

In 1104, at the age of twenty-five he took ordination, either in Dakpo (dwags po) or in Penyul, at Gyachak Ri monastery ('phan yul rgya lcags ri), receiving the name Sonam Rinchen (bsod nams rin chen).

Gampopa's position in the transmission lineage of the esoteric Mahamudra teaching is as follows:
Tilopa (988-1069), the Indian yogi who experienced the original transmission of the Mahamudra

Naropa (1016–1100), who perfected the methods of accelerated enlightenment, described in his six yogas of Naropa.

Marpa (1012–1097), the first Tibetan in the lineage, who translated the Vajrayana andMahamudra texts into Old Tibetan

Milarepa (1052–1135), poet and master who overcame Marpa's reluctance to teach but nonetheless attained enlightenment in a single lifetime

Gampopa, Milarepa's most important student, who integrated Atisha's Kadampa teaching and Tilopa's Mahamudra teaching to establish the Kagyu school

This lineage sequence, taken together, is called the "Five Founding Masters" by the Kagyu followers.

Prior to studying under Milarepa, Gampopa had studied the Kadampa traditions, which is a gradual path based on the lamrim teachings. He searched for, and eventually met Milarepa, and attained realization of ultimate reality under his guidance.


Gampopa wrote The Jewel Ornament of Liberation and founded the Dagpo Kagyud school in 1125. It was the integrative teaching of Gampopa which unified Kadampa and Mahamudra teachings into the distinctive Kagyu approach.


Gampopa also established various monastic institutions, taught extensively, and attracted many students. 

Four of his disciples founded the four "major" Kagyu schools:
Barom Kagyu founded by Barompa Darma Wangchug (1127-1194?) [4][5]
Phagdru Kagyu founded by Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo (1110-1170)[4][6]
Karma Kagyu, also known as the Kamtsang Kagyu School, founded by Düsum Khyenpa the 1st Karmapa (1110-1193)[4][7]
Tsalpa Kagyu founded by Zhang Yudragpa Tsondru Drag (1123-1193) [4][8]

The succession of Gampopa's own monastery passed to his nephew Dagpo Gomtsul Tsultim Nyingpo (dwags sgom tshul khrims snying po) (1116-1169).



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